To improve understanding of the types and circumstances of drowning in Sub-Saharan Africa in order to develop, inform and implement drowning prevention programs to mitigate drowning risks and save lives.

To analyze banked urine samples from fire service members; interpret results by comparing across studies and to the general population; integrate results from previous collaborative studies; and disseminate important conclusions and recommendations to the U.S. fire service through an online tool kit.

To facilitate implementation of the Cardiff Model for Violence Prevention in two sites in the United States: Philadelphia, PA, and metropolitan Atlanta, GA. The purpose of the pilot is to document the strengths, challenges and costs of the program and to determine technical needs. The prevention strategies implemented in the pilot will help guide future evaluation research and implementation of the model in the United States.